Installation of a program means inserting that particular program in your computer so that it can be executed properly. Some of the software programs can be simply copied to the computer and executed without doing anything further; they don’t require any kind of installation process. Many programs come with an executable suite, which requires to be installed. Installation is the process where you will have to unpack some files, copy them to desired locations, tailor the software to suite your hardware and give the desired information to the operating system.

Installation often means that once a program is installed, the user can run the program over and over again, without reinstalling it again before using each time. Until one does not uninstall the program or the program does not allow further execution, you will have to install it again. However, sometimes one can encounter problems while installing a program. Here are some simple steps that will help you in resolving windows installer problems:

teps:

• First thing to do for resolving windows installer problem is identifying it. When you are trying to install or uninstall something, you might get a warning message like:

“The windows installer cannot be accessed”

“Windows installer service cannot be started”

“Could not start the windows installer service on Local computer. Error 5:

access is denied.”

• These error messages will often appear on the screen when the installation of the MSI package has failed or when the windows installer service is disabled.
• Method 1: first unregister windows installer, and then you will have to register it again. For resolving windows installer problems of such a nature, just do the following things. Go on the ’start’ menu and click on the ‘run’ option. In the dialog box start typing ‘msiexec/unreg’, and then press the enter key.
• Go on the ’start’ menu again and click on the ‘run’ option. In the dialog box start typing, ‘msiexec/regserver’ and then press the ‘enter’ key.
• Method 2: you can upgrade the windows installer to a higher version or a newer version. For this, open the internet explorer page, and go to the Microsoft website. Go to the link, http://msdn.microsoft.com/downloads. On the left side you will get an option of ’setup and system administration’ and now click on the ’setup’ option.
• Select the ‘windows installer’, and then choose the appropriate link for your operating system. Now click on the ‘download’ option and install the new version or install the higher version of windows installer.
• Method 3: for resolving windows installer problem, you might have to uninstall the failed product with the help of an installer cleanup. The description for the windows installer cleanup utility is, http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;290301
• Method 4: if the windows service is disabled on your computer, then go to the ’start’ menu, select ‘run’ option and type ’services.msc’ and click enter. Now, double click on the option of windows installer.
• Method 5: check the DCOM and the permission by the system through http://support.microsoft.com/?id=319624
• Method 6: another thing you can do for resolving windows installer problem is

ntroduction

In this article, we will learn about Maven which is a project management framework that provides a configurable approach for managing software projects. Maven covers all the necessary phases that happen right from project creation, building, documentation, reporting, installation and deployment. This article begins with the basics of Maven along with the concepts like Project Object Model (aka POM), the various life-cycles in Maven etc. Then it continues with using Maven for creating a project till installation of the project in a local repository. The latter part of the article provides details about creating custom Maven plugins that can be executed in stand-alone mode as well as part of some Maven life-cycle.

Maven Custom Plug-In (Example Code)

• Download Sample Program for Maven Custom Plug-In

Maven Concepts

In this section, we will see the basics of Maven concepts like Project Object Model, the standard lifecycles available in Maven as well as the dependency scope that comes up while dealing with dependency with projects.

Project Object Model

Project information, its dependencies and the artifacts that can be built are described in POM which is essentially a configuration file in XML. POM basically contains instructions on what needs to be done during the various life-cycles that happen during a build. Note that the POM is not coupled to java projects, in fact the project can be written in any language like C, C# etc. For example, consider the sample minimal POM,

<project>

    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <name>adder</name>
    <url>http://www.javabeat.net/adder</url>
    <groupId>net.javabeat.adder</groupId>
    <artifactId>adder</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>3.8.1</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

Have a look at the above POM. It defines the information about the project and its dependant projects. We will look into more details about the various POM elements.

• modelVersion – This defines the version of the POM.
• name – The name of the project.
• groupId – This identifies the group (or the organization) that created the project. This property usually takes the domain address which represents the group or the organization so that uniqueness is maintained across the groups.
• artifactId – This identifies the artifact (output component) name that comes from a project. Artifacts can be anything like a JAR, WAR, EAR etc
• version – This property identifies the version of the artifact. Usually the version takes the format as "majorVersion.minorVersion-qualifier". For example, "1.1-alpha", "1.2-beta", "1.3-SNAPSHOT". packaging – Represents the type of artifact, for example – jar, war, ear etc.

In the next section in the POM, we have included the dependencies of the project. Note that this section is optional. If there are no dependencies for a project (which is unlikely the case), this can be omitted. However, in this example case, we have declared a dependency to junit and it is expected that the project will contain some test resources. It is always a good idea to define the version of the artifact while defining a dependency, so that during runtime, we are not facing any issues because of version match. We have mentioned the scope as test, more details about this element will follow in the forthcoming section.

Dependency Scope

A project can depend on a number of dependent projects and Maven provides a way for defining the dependencies among projects through configuration. One can control the level of dependency through scope and the default being 'compile'. The following scopes are available.

• Compile - This being the default scope will be available at the classpath during the compilation as well as during runtime.
• Runtime - The presence of this scope ensures that the dependency will be available at the runtime and not during the compile-time. For example, one may use the Servlet API during the compilation phase, however the Servlet implementation (from Sun, Oracle, IBM etc) will be required during the runtime only.
• Test - This scope ensures that the dependency is available during the compilation of the test resources as well as during the execution of the test resources.
• Provided - This dependency is mostly used while developing J2EE applications where the dependency is available as part of the J2EE container (or any Container) and it is not necessary for the project to package the dependency as part of the artifact. For example, while developing Enterprise bean applications, as part of the project, we will be using EJB jar for compilation; however, we never package this jar as part of the project because the EJB container will provide this jar.

Build Life-cycle

A life-cycle defines the execution for achieving a set of goals. Each life-cycle defines a sequence of phases for achieving the goals. The

Maven Custom Plug-In (Example Code)

• Download Sample Program for Maven Custom Plug-In

Using Maven

In this section, we will see how to use maven for creating, compiling, building, packaging and installing a project. Download the latest version of Maven from here. Installation of maven will be as simple as un-zipping the downloaded file into a desired directory. In this example, we will be seeing the usage of various maven plugins and goals that contributes to the entire project life-cycle. Before proceeding with the sample, create an environment variable MAVEN_HOME that points to the Maven installation directory and ensure that the PATH variable contains %MAVEN_HOME/bin.

Creating a project

Execute the following command which is used to create the initial project structure.

mvn archetype:create -DgroupId=net.javabeat.emailservice -DartifactId=emailservice

Note that in archetype:create, archetype represents the plugin prefix and create represents the goal. This goal creates a project with the name emailservice. As soon as this command is executed, one can see a directory called emailservice which has the src folder for holding the main java files, along with java files representing test-cases. The POM file with the name pom.file will also be created with the structure as follows,

pom.xml

<project>
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>net.javabeat.emailservice</groupId>
    <artifactId>emailservice</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <name>emailservice</name>
    <url>http://maven.apache.org</url>

    <dependencies>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>3.8.1</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

</project>

Importing the project in Eclipse

This step is optional for those who are not working with Eclipse being the IDE for developing the project. Change the current directory to emailservice and issue the following command. This goal eclipse creates the project metadata files that are complaint with Eclipse. As soon as the following goal is executed there will be two files generated in the current directory which are .project and .classpath. This is for Eclipse to understand so that the newly created project can be imported in Eclipse IDE to work with.

mvn eclipse:eclipse

Now, for importing the project into Eclipse, Open Eclipse, go to File -> Import -> Existing Projects into Workspace and navigate to the directory containing the .project and .classpath files and Click OK. Now this project gets imported into Eclipse workspace.

Adding files to project

To make the project meaningful, we will add the following files into the main source folder.

EMail.java

package net.javabeat.emailservice;

public class EMail {

    private String fromAddress;
    private String toAddress;
    private String subject;
    private String message;
    private String status;

    public String getFromAddress() {
        return fromAddress;
    }
	
    public void setFromAddress(String fromAddress) {
        this.fromAddress = fromAddress;
    }
	
    public String getToAddress() {
        return toAddress;
    }
	
    public void setToAddress(String toAddress) {
        this.toAddress = toAddress;
    }
	
    public String getSubject() {
        return subject;
    }
	
    public void setSubject(String subject) {
        this.subject = subject;
    }
	
    public String getMessage() {
        return message;
    }
	
    public void setMessage(String message) {
        this.message = message;
    }
	
    public String getStatus() {
        return status;
    }
	
    public void setStatus(String status) {
        this.status = status;
    }		
}

The above class represents the Email model object that will be used by EmailService class for sending email. Given below is the code listing for EMailService class.

EMailService.java

package net.javabeat.emailservice;

public class EMailService {
	
    public EMail sendEmail(String fromAddress, String toAddress, String subject, String message){
		
        EMail emailObject = new EMail();
        emailObject.setFromAddress(fromAddress);
        emailObject.setToAddress(toAddress);
        emailObject.setSubject(subject);
        emailObject.setMessage(message);
        emailObject.setStatus("SUCCESS");
		
        System.out.println("Sending email from " + fromAddress + " to " + toAddress + "with subject "
		    + subject + " having the message contents " + message);
        return emailObject;
    }

In this section we will see how to write custom maven plugins. It is possible that the custom maven can be made to run outside the standard life-cycle phase or it can be made to be executed as part of the standard life-cycle phase. We will see how to accomplish both of these items in the following sections.

Creating standalone plugins

In this section, we will write a custom plugin and will see how to write it in stand-alone mode – i.e running the plugin directly without establishing any dependencies on any of the standard life-cycles available in Maven.

Creating the project

The first step is to create the project containing the custom maven plugin. This project is quite different from the regular java project because it is not a regular java artifact like JAR, WAR etc. Instead it is going to be a maven plugin. Issue the following command to create the maven plugin project.

mvn archetype:create -DgroupId=net.javabeat.maven -DartifactId=environment-info -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-mojo

The above command creates a project with the name environment-info with the standard directory layout containing the source and test resources. If you look into the POM file, the package type will be maven-plugin to indicate that this is a maven plugin project.

Importing the project into Eclipse

This step is optional and this is for someone who wishes to work with the project in Eclipse IDE. Issuing the following with the current directory being environment-info creates the Eclipse .project and .classpath files. Now, open Eclipse and go to File -> Import -> Existing Project into Workspace and specify the directory to <<path to environment-info>> directory.

mvn eclipse:eclipse

Creating the plugin

In Maven, the plugin that achieves a specific task is called by the name MOJO (Maven Old Java Object similar to POJO). A MOJO defines the goal which is nothing but the custom action which is executed upon user's request. In this example, we will see a custom MOJO that will define the goal of storing all the environmental properties in a text file upon execution. Have a look at the following code,

EnvironmentInfoTask.java

package net.javabeat.maven; import java.io.BufferedWriter; import java.io.File; import java.io.FileWriter; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Map; import org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo; import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException; import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException; /** * @goal env-info */ public class EnvironmentInfoTask extends AbstractMojo{ /** * @parameter * default-value="log.txt" * expression="${environment.filename}" */ private String fileName; /** * @parameter * default-value="C:\\temp" * expression="${environment.base_dir}" */ private File baseDirectory; /** * @parameter * default-value="true" * expression="${environment.loggingRequired}" */ private boolean loggingRequired; public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException { StringBuilder fileContents = new StringBuilder(); if (baseDirectory.exists()){ baseDirectory.mkdirs(); log("Created base directory '" + baseDirectory.getAbsolutePath() + "'"); } Map<String, String> environment = System.getenv(); Iterator<Map.Entry<String, String>> entries = environment.entrySet().iterator(); fileContents.append("Environment Information:" + newLine()); fileContents.append("-----------------------------------------------------------" + newLine()); while (entries.hasNext()){ Map.Entry<String, String> entry = entries.next(); fileContents.append(entry.getKey() + "------------->" + entry.getValue() + newLine()); } fileContents.append("-----------------------------------------------------------" + newLine()); writeToFile(fileContents); log("File contents written"); } private void log(String message){ if (loggingRequired){ System.out.println(message); } } private static String newLine(){ return System.getProperty("line.separator"); } private void writeToFile(StringBuilder fileContents){ FileWriter fWriter = null; BufferedWriter bWriter = null; try{ fWriter = new FileWriter(baseDirectory + File.separator + fileName); bWriter = new BufferedWriter(fWriter); bWriter.write(fileContents.toString()); }catch (Exception e){ log("Error in writing the contents to file ->" + e.getMessage()); }finally{ try{ if (bWriter != null){ bWriter.close(); } if (fWriter != null){ fWriter.close(); } }catch (Exception e){ log("Error in closing the resources ->" + e.getMessage()); } } } }

The first thing to notice is the class EnvironmentInfoTask which is going to persist the environmental information into a file extends AbstractMojo class which in turn extends the Mojo interface. Note that the goal for this MOJO is annotated using XDoclet using goal attribute with the name env-info. The method that will be called during execution of the MOJO is execute(). This method does the job of persisting the environmental properties by taking information from the various properties .

• Base Directory – the directory under which the log file name will be created which is of type 'java.io.File'. Note that we have used XDoclet 'parameter' for annotating this property. This property has the default value 'C:\\temp' which means the this is the default location for the log file. However, this value can be overridden at runtime by specifying the property 'environment.base_dir' which is an expression and its value will be resolved at runtime
• Filename – the name of the log file into which the environmental properties will be written. Note that the default value for the log file name is 'log.txt'. However, during runtime, the value can be overridden through the property 'environment.filename'
• Logging Required – whether logging information on what this MOJO is doing has to be shown. The default value being true can be overridden by specifying the value false to the property 'environment.loggingRequired'.

Compiling the project

Issue the following command for compiling the maven plugin project.

mvn compile

Packaging the project

The following command is used to package the plugin project.

mvn package

Installing the project

For installing the project into the local Maven repository, issue the following command.

mvn install

Usually, on Windows, the local repository is %USER_HOME%/.m2/repository. On Windows XP, USER_HOME will expand to "C:\\Document and Settings\\<<UserName>>", however in Windows Vista it is "C:\\Users\\<<UserName>>".

Running the project

There are several ways to run the maven plugin. We will see them one by one. Generally running a Maven plugin takes the following form,

mvn groupId:artifactId:version:goalName

In our case, the group id is net.javabeat.maven, artifact id is environment-info, version is 1.0-SNAPSHOT and goal name is env-info. So running the following command will run the custom plugin

mvn net.javabeat.maven:environment-info:1.0-SNAPSHOT:env-info

Running the above command will create a directory C:\\temp (if not present) and create a file name with log.txt with the environment information. Because logging is enabled by default, the text 'Created base directory C:\temp' and 'File contents are written' will be displayed in the console.

It is also possible to configure the plugin by passing alternate input values. Have a look at the following command. This command specifies an alternate base directory C:\\temp-new for the log file newLog.txt with logging turned off. Note that for passing a property to a plugin the standard way is –DpropertyName=propertyValue.

mvn net.javabeat.maven:environment-info:1.0-SNAPSHOT:env-info -Denvironment.base_dir=C:\temp-new -Denvironment.filename=newLog.txt -Denvironment.loggingRequired=false

It is also possible to omit the version information while running the plugin in which case, Maven tries to find the recent version for the plugin by comparing the version strings. In our case, this wouldn't happen, because we have only one version which is 1.0-SNAPSHOT. So the following command will also work.

mvn net.javabeat.maven:environment-info:env-info

Another approach to run the plugin is by omitting the group id and just specifying the artifact id along with the goal name. However, for this to happen, we have to add the group id to the default list of groups that Maven will look for. Open the file %MAVEN_HOME%/conf/settings.xml and add the following line under the element pluginsGroup.

<pluginGroup>net.javabeat.maven</pluginGroup>

This ensures that we have added the group net.javabeat.maven to the list of default groups that Maven will search for, because of which the following command will work.

mvn environment-info:env-info

Attaching plugins to existing life-cycle

So far, we have seen how to run a custom plugin in stand-alone mode. This is not of much-use and Maven provides a way for binding the goals of any custom plugin into existing build cycle. For example, let us consider that we have written a custom plugin which will simply print the current date and we want this plugin to be executed during the compilation phase and the installation phase of a project. We will see how to accomplish this goal in this section.

The following listing shows the custom plugin which will simply emit the date information.

DateInfo.java

package net.javabeat.maven; import java.util.Date; import org.apache.maven.plugin.AbstractMojo; import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException; import org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoFailureException; /** * @goal date-info */ public class DateInfo extends AbstractMojo { public void execute() throws MojoExecutionException, MojoFailureException { Date currentDate = new Date(); getLog().info("Current date is " + currentDate); } }

Follow the same process of creating the project, then creating the plugin, compilation, packaging and installation as we have discussed before. We will see how to attach this custom plugin during the compile and the install phase. Open POM.xml file and add the following after the project dependencies element,

<build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>net.javabeat.maven</groupId> <artifactId>environment-info</artifactId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> <executions> <execution> <id>date-info-compile</id> <phase>compile</phase> <goals> <goal>date-info</goal> </goals> </execution> <execution> <id>date-info-install</id> <phase>install</phase> <goals> <goal>date-info</goal> </goals> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build>

Though the above XML fragment is big, it is fairly simple. First thing is, it defines the execution element where we can define goals for executions. We have defined two execution elements one for the compile phase and the other for the install phase and we have given appropriate id for each execution element. Have a note at the goals section. We have included our custom goal date-info which will display the current date information. Note that where to search for the goal's group id and the artifact id along with optional version is defined just above the executions element.

After this whenever we run mvn compile and mvn install for any project that contains the above definition we will see that the goal date-info getting invoked during the phases.

Conclusion

In this article, we have seen how to use Maven for creating projects and to manage dependencies between projects. We have seen Maven simplifying the task of creating, compiling, packaging, installing projects thereby reducing the pain from developers and build managers. Also discussed in the article are the extension capabilities provided by Maven for pluging-in custom plugins in the form of MOJOs.

}

Note that there is no real functionality in the above, all it does is to accept the various user inputs and constructs an email object before returning it.

Compiling the project

The next step is to compile to project, by default the compilation process will create a folder called target and it will place the java class files along with any resource files, if present.

mvn compile

Note that the location of the target folder as well as the location of the target folder is also configurable.

Packaging the project

This step will package the project with the packaging type mentioned in POM, which is JAR. Before packaging it will also execute the test cases (if specified) in the test folder and the packaged jar will be placed in the target folder.

mvn package

Installing the project

The final step is to install the jar in a local repository so that other projects, if they are dependant on this project can make references to this project. The following command will install (i.e copy the jar) to the local repository.

mvn install

Note that, by default, the local repository path will be %USER_HOME%/.m2/repository.

Maven Custom Plug-In (Example Code)

USC CodeCount and USC COCOMO- $0

CodeCount automates the collection of source code sizing information. The CodeCount toolset utilizes one of two possible source lines of code (SLOC) definitions, physical or logical. COCOMO (COnstructive COst MOdel), is a tool which allows one to estimate the cost, effort, and schedule associated with a prospective software development project.

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SLOCCount is a set of tools for counting physical Source Lines of Code (SLOC) in a large number of languages of a potentially large set of programs. SLOCCount can automatically identify and measure many programming languages.

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SourceMonitor - $0

SourceMonitor lets you see inside your software source code to find out how much code you have and to identify the relative complexity of your modules. For example, you can use SourceMonitor to identify the code that is most likely to contain defects and thus warrants formal review. Collects metrics in a fast, single pass through source files. Displays and prints metrics in tables and charts.

Languages: C++, C, C#, Java, Delphi, Visual Basic (VB6) or HTML

LOCC - $0

LOCC is an extensible system for producing hierarchical, incremental measurements of work product size that are useful for estimation, planning, and other software engineering activities. LOCC supports size measurement of grammar-based languages through integrated support for JavaCC. LOCC produces size data corresponding to the number of packages, the number of classes in each package, the number of methods in each class, and the number of lines of code in each method.

Languages: C++, Java

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Languages: ASM, COBOL, C, C++, C#, Fortran, Java, JSP, PHP, HTML, Delphi, Pascal, VB, XML

SLOC Metrics - $99

SLOC Metrics measures the size of your source code based on the Physical Source Lines of Code metric recommended by the Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU/SEI-92-TR-019). Specifically, the source lines that are included in the count are the lines that contain executable statements, declarations, and/or compiler directives. Comments, and blank lines are excluded from the count. When a line or statement contains more than one type, it is classified as the type with the highest precedence. The order of precedence for the types is: executable, declaration, compiler directive, comment and lastly, white space.

Languages: ASP, C, C++, C#, Java, HTML, Perl, Visual Basic

Resource Standard Metrics - $200

Resource Standard Metrics, or RSM, is a source code metrics and quality analysis tool unlike any other on the market. The unique ability of RSM to support virtually any operating system provides your enterprise with the ability to standardize the measurement of source code quality and metrics throughout your organization. RSM provides the fastest, most flexible and easy-to-use tool to assist in the measurement of code quality and metrics.

Languages: C, C++, C#, Java

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Languages: Ada, ASM86, C, C#, C++.NET, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, JSP, Perl, PL1, VB, VB.NET

JSP/HTML land, usefull tests could be done via some regexp, ie check if style/css are used (to avoid dirty colors/fonts hard-coded for example).

If we want to build something pretty robust and extensible, I think we should integrate a java library which is able to transform a XHTML or badly formatted HTML document into a DOM :

http://htmlparser.sourceforge.net/
http://jtidy.sourceforge.net/
http://sourceforge.net/projects/nekohtml/

a complete list of available libraries is available here : http://java-source.net/open-source/html-parsers

With a DOM we could then imagine to implement a visitor pattern in order to let users create new rules.

Some very simple rules in order to start.
Rule 1: disallow scriptlets
Rule 2: disallow some taglibs (JSTL SQL comes to mind). Could be parametrized by Taglib URL to list all disallowed taglibs.
Rule 3: enforce JSP style (XML syntax)
Rule 4: disallow hard coded labels
Rule 5: disallow dynamic JSP includes (<jsp:include>)
Rule 6: disallow external file in page attribute of dynamic JSP include
Rule 7: disallow TLD location for URI in taglib declaration
For HTML
Rule 8: enforce <script> at the end of the body
Rule 9: disallow <style>
Rule 10: disallow non empty <script> content
Rule 11: enforce a limit on the number of called external files (js and css)

Short for HyperText Transfer Protocol, the underlying protocol  used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers  should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed.

HTTP is called a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently, without any knowledge of the commands that came before it.

Abbreviated as BIND, Berkeley Internet Name Domain  is the most common implementation of the DNS protocol on the Internet. It's freely available under the BSD License. BIND DNS servers are believed to be providing about 80 percent of all DNS services. BIND was developed by the University of California at Berkeley. The most current release is BIND 9.4.2, and from Version 9 onwards it supports DNS SEC, TSIG, IPv6 and other DNS protocol enhancements.

Short for Domain Name System (or Service  or Server), an Internet service that translates domain names  into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.

The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.

SSH Secure Shell provides users with a secure, encrypted mechanism to log into systems and transfer files; it can be viewed as a secure replacement for FTP. 

Developed by SSH Communications Security Ltd., Secure Shell is a program to log into another computer over a network, to execute commands in a remote  machine, and to move files from one machine to another. It provides strong authentication  and secure communications over insecure channels. It is a replacement for rlogin, rsh, rcp, and rdist.

SSH protects a network from attacks such as IP spoofing, IP source routing, and DNS spoofing. An attacker who has managed to take over a network
can only force ssh to disconnect. He or she cannot play back the traffic or hijack the connection when encryption is enabled.

When using ssh's slogin (instead of rlogin) the entire login session, including transmission of password, is encrypted; therefore it is almost impossible for an outsider to collect passwords.

SNMP is the Simple Network Management Protocol.

The SNMP protocol is used by network management systems to communicate with network elements.For this to work, the network element must be equipped with an SNMP agent.
 
Most professional-grade network hardware comes with an SNMP agent built in. These agents must be enabled and configured to communicate with the network management system.Operating systems, such as Unix and Windows, can also be configured with SNMP agents.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a UDP-based network protocol. It is used mostly in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention.

Network File System (NFS) is a network file system protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1984, allowing a user on a client computer  to access files over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed. NFS, like many other protocols, builds on the Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC) system. The Network File System is an open standard defined in RFCs, allowing anyone to implement the protocol.

The NFS protocol is designed to be independent of the computer, operating system, network architecture, and transport protocol. This means that systems using the NFS service may be manufactured by different vendors, use different operating systems, and be connected to networks with different architectures. These differences are transparent to the NFS application, and thus, the user.